外源钙水平与花生下针期不同土壤水分对植株生理特性的影响

沿海耕作风砂土土壤缺钙与干旱常相伴发生。通过盆栽试验，研究了不同钙肥水平下花生下针期至结荚初期土壤水分管理对植株生理特性及产量的影响。结果表明，下针期(553)%（LW）、 (753)%（MW）和(953)%（HW）三种田间持水量条件下，叶片SPAD值、 净光合速率、 水分利用效率及产量均随着钙肥用量的增加而提高，其中施钙肥的花生荚果产量增幅12.2% ~19.4%，而三种钙肥水平下，MW比LW与HW的荚果产量分别显著提高18.7%与56.5%，说明下针期过高或过低的水分均不利于光合作用及产量形成，尤其高水量条件下，其根系活力显著下降。花生成熟期产量与下针期叶片SPAD值、 净光合速率、 水分利用效率及根系活力呈显著正相关; 不同水分管理与钙肥水平均显著影响花生产量，但水钙间产量交互效应不明显。耕作风砂土上增施钙肥增产潜力大，且一定程度上可缓解旱情，花生下针期调控约75%的田间持水量，其光合速率与产量最高。     

Alternative matrices for cortisol measurement in fish

Plasma cortisol is the most commonly used indicator of stress in fish but, as the blood sampling procedure itself can be a source of stress, it would be helpful to measure cortisol using less invasive matrices. It is also necessary to find alternative matrices as stress indicators in dead fish in which blood sampling is impossible. In the present study, we investigated transport stress in three aquaculture species, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.), common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum), by cortisol determination (radioimmunoassay) in plasma and other matrices (skin mucus, gut content, lateral muscle and caudal fin). Cortisol significantly increased after transport in all species and matrices, except in the sea bass gut content, where it remained unchanged. The three species responded to transport stress by producing different cortisol levels. In conclusion, the significant correlation found between plasma cortisol and most of the other matrices opens up the possibility of using them to evaluate stress in fish: mucus sampling is a less invasive method than blood sampling, and in addition to muscle and fin sampling, it can be used in postmortem fish.     

高温胁迫对褐牙鲆生长及肝脏抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了研究高温对褐牙鲆幼鱼生长及抗氧化酶活性的影响,对其不同温度处理(25、28、30、31、32℃)下的存活、生长、摄食及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活力进行比较。结果显示25℃组、28℃组及30℃组的鱼没有死亡,31℃组的成活率为(95%±1.18%),32℃组的成活率仅为(20.83%±2.20%)。各温度处理组的特定生长率(SGR)、摄食率(FR)和饲料转化率(FCE)和水温的平方呈显著的负相关(SGR:R2=0.93;FR:R2=0.90;FCE:R2=0.86;P<0.01),即25～32℃时,特定生长率、摄食率和饲料转化率随温度升高而减小。各处理组的肝脏组织中的SOD及CAT活力随胁迫温度升高而降低。本研究表明32℃是褐牙鲆长期生存的临界上限温度,高温能够显著影响其生长和抗氧化酶的活性。     

Yield response of sugar beets to water stress under Western European conditions

The average yield of sugar beet has almost doubled within the last 30 years. With the raise in average yields and the increase in sensitivity to water stress of sugar beets, the yield response factor (Ky) derived by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979) needs an update. In this article, the soil water balance model BUDGET (Raes et al., 2006) was calibrated and validated to obtain correct estimations of the evapotranspiration deficit (1 − ETa/ETc, where ETa = actual crop evapotranspiration and ETc = maximum crop evapotranspiration under standard conditions) of sugar beets in two locations in France. Datasets of observed soil water contents of several years and different irrigation treatments were used. The simulated evapotranspiration deficits and observed yields were used to derive a seasonal Ky. The obtained linear and polynomial yield response relation between observed yield decline and evapotranspiration deficit showed a high goodness-of-fit. The coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.83, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (EF) = 0.79, the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) = 0.26 for linear; the coefficient of determination (R²) = 0.85, the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (EF) = 0.79, the relative root mean squared error (RRMSE) = 0.25 for polynomial). The results suggested a more pronounced response of sugar beet to water stress in Europe as compared to the values previously reported by Doorenbos and Kassam (1979). The comparison between the observed and simulated yields (with the updated Ky) for another site in France confirmed the findings.     

Ten consecutive years of regulated deficit irrigation probe the sustainability and profitability of this water saving strategy in loquat

The successful application of postharvest regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) over ten consecutive years (from season 1999/2000 to season 2007/2008) confirms the sustainability of this strategy for producing ‘Algerie’ loquat. Postharvest RDI consisting in a reduction of watering (between 45 and 80% depending on the season) from early June until the end of August, improved loquat profitability by increasing fruit value and by reducing water consumption with respect to fully irrigated trees (control). The increase in fruit value in RDI trees was due to a consistent improvement in harvest earliness as a result of an earlier blooming. Water savings of around 20% did not diminish yield nor fruit quality. Water use efficiency in RDI trees rose by over 30%. Water productivity reached 9.5 € m⁻³ of water applied in RDI trees versus 6.6 € m⁻³ in control trees. The most noticeable effect of RDI on vegetative growth was a significant and progressive decline in trunk growth. The canopy volume seems to be strongly influenced by pruning and no significant effects were detected in this parameter. Our results confirm the suitability of RDI in loquat and the economic benefits of saving water during the summer.     

Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting (RWH) in a case study catchment: The Arvari River, Rajasthan, India. Part 1: Field-scale impacts

Rainwater harvesting (RWH), the small-scale collection and storage of runoff to augment groundwater stores, has been seen as a solution to the deepening groundwater crisis in India. However, hydrological impacts of RWH in India are not well understood, particularly at the larger catchment-scale. A key element to grasping RWH impact involves understanding the generated recharge variability in time and space, which is the result of variability in rainfall-runoff and efficiency of RWH structures. Yet there are very few reported empirical studies of the impact of RWH. Catchment-scale impacts are best studied using a water balance model, which would require a basic level of field data and understanding of the variability. This study reports the results of a 2-year field study in the 476 km² semi-arid Arvari River catchment, where over 366 RWH structures have been built since 1985. Difficulties associated with working in semi-arid regions include data scarcity. Potential recharge estimates from seven RWH storages, across three different types and in six landscape positions, were calculated using the water balance method. These estimates were compared with recharge estimates from monitored water levels in 29 dug wells using the water table fluctuation method. The average daily potential recharge from RWH structures varied between 12 and 52 mm/day, while estimated actual recharge reaching the groundwater ranged from 3 to 7 mm/day. The large difference between recharge estimates could be explained through soil storage, local groundwater mounding beneath structures and a large lateral transmissivity in the aquifer. Overall, approximately 7% of rainfall is recharged by RWH in the catchment, which was similar in the comparatively wet and dry years of the field analysis. There were key differences between RWH structures, due to engineering design and location. These results indicate that recharge from RWH affects the local groundwater table, but also has potential to move laterally and impact surrounding areas. However, the greatest weakness in such analysis is the lack of information available on aquifer characteristics, in addition to geology and soil type.     

美国科罗拉多州河道内流量保护计划及借鉴

人类大量用水减少河道内流量导致河流断流、水质恶化和生物多样性下降等生态环境问题,如何合理利用河流水资源,在社会经济发展和河流保护之间取得平衡是当前全球面临的重大课题。西方发达国家普遍重视环境保护,在保护河道内流量方面也积累了较为丰富的立法和实践经验。美国科罗拉多州将保护河道内流量纳入该州产权体系,以政府持有河道内流量水权的方式进行保护,在协调人类活动与生态环境保护方面取得了良好的效果。文章简要介绍了科罗拉多州河道内流量保护计划的主要内容及取得的成绩,深入分析了该计划的特点,以期对我国河道内流量保护提供借鉴和参考。     

农业水利调配问题研究

针对农业水利调配过程中存在的问题,提出了一种费用最小的水利调配方法。     

Boron Induced Oxidative Stress,Antioxidant Defence Response and Changes in Artemisinin Content in Artemisia annua L.

Boron is an essential plant micronutrient and the range between deficient and toxic levels of boron is narrow for most of the plants. Like other elements, boron becomes toxic to growth at high concentrations. High boron concentrations in soil reduce crop productivity in many areas of the world. The effect of increasing levels of boron (0, 0.50, 1.00, 1.50, 2.00 mm ) on oxidative stress, antioxidant defence response and changes in artemisinin content in Artemisia annua were investigated in the present study. Boron toxicity reduced the growth parameters viz. stem height, fresh weight and dry weight. Treatments induced oxidative stress resulting in lower net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, internal CO₂ and total chlorophyll content. The increased activities of antioxidant enzymes like CAT, POX and SOD were also noted in response to increasing levels of boron stress. However, H₂O₂ and artemisinin content were found to be high up to 1.00 mm concentration of boron compared to control, and on applying higher doses, further reduced contents were obtained. Thus, the results suggest that a mild stress of boron can be utilized for enhanced artemisinin production.     

Integrating remote sensing, census and weather data for an assessment of rice yield, water consumption and water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic river basin

Crop consumptive water use and productivity are key elements to understand basin water management performance. This article presents a simplified approach to map rice (Oryza sativa L.) water consumption, yield, and water productivity (WP) in the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) by combining remotely sensed imagery, national census and meteorological data. The statistical rice cropped area and production data were synthesized to calculate district-level land productivity, which is then further extrapolated to pixel-level values using MODIS NDVI product based on a crop dominance map. The water consumption by actual evapotranspiration is estimated with Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model taking meteorological data and MODIS land surface temperature products as inputs. WP maps are then generated by dividing the rice productivity map with the seasonal actual evapotranspiration (ET) map. The average rice yields for Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh in the basin are 2.60, 2.53, 3.54 and 2.75 tons/ha, respectively. The average rice ET is 416 mm, accounting for only 68.2% of potential ET. The average WP of rice is 0.74 kg/m³. The WP generally varies with the trends of yield variation. A comparative analysis of ET, yield, rainfall and WP maps indicates greater scope for improvement of the downstream areas of the Ganges basin. The method proposed is simple, with satisfactory accuracy, and can be easily applied elsewhere.